
With an engine output still at 205 hp – now updated to Euro 5+ emissions standards – and an unladen weight of only 438.7 lbs., the new M 1000 R – simply called M R – brings riding dynamics to the roadster segment that are otherwise reserved for pure superbikes.
Review – Key Features – Features & Benefits – Specifications
2025 BMW M1000R: EXPERIENCE A TOUCH OF MADNESS.
Introducing the 2025 BMW M1000R…
The hyper Roadster brings a dose of crazy to any track. With its typically M high-end equipment, the M R is ready for absolute top performance at all times.
Superbike meets dynamic Roadster. Made for the streets, and for the racetrack with M genetics. Made for all those who want to push their limits. A throaty 205 hp, all under your control. The Splitface LED headlight shows you the way to the top. The M R is sure to turn heads in each of the three ultra-sporty styles. The sound of the four-cylinder engine cannot be ignored. Can you hear it calling you? Start the engine! #NeverStopChallenging
- 205 hp at 13,750 rpm
- 173 mph maximum speed
- Water/oil-cooled four-cylinder in-line engine with BMW ShiftCam
- 439 lbs curb weight (fully fueled, road-ready)
- 7.2 seconds to accelerate from 0 to 124 mph
“With targeted fine-tuning, we have made the M R even more consistently aligned with the requirements of a roadster with superbike performance. The driving dynamics speak for themselves, both on the road and on the track.“ Dominik Blass, Product Manager BMW M 1000 R.
Fine-Tuning for the M Roadster for the highest demands from road and track.
With an engine output still at 205 hp – now updated to Euro 5+ emissions standards – and an unladen weight of only 438.7 lbs., the new M 1000 R – simply called M R – brings riding dynamics to the roadster segment that are otherwise reserved for pure superbikes.
Dynamic Traction Control DTC has been revised. The control mapping has been derived from the RR models and, in combination with the M Quick-Action Throttle, brings a noticeable improvement, especially in Race mode for track days.
The new, dual-flow LED headlight derived from the RR models ensures a more dynamic design and superior road illumination at night. The new M Quick-Action Throttle with a reduced rotation angle ensures relaxed throttle control without the need to reposition the hand or twist the wrist.
2025 BMW M1000R Totalmotorcycle.com Key Features
The 2025 M 1000 R is updated with new M Winglets which provide increased downforce for improved riding stability, the M Quick-Action Throttle, Euro 5+ emissions compliance and new colors.
- Dual-flow LED headlight.
- M Quick-Action Throttle with 58-degrees of rotation.
- New M Winglets in black textured paint or optional Carbon Fiber.
- Clutch/generator covers in black.
- Rear frame and swingarm in Platinum Grey.
- Compliance with Euro 5+ emission standards.
2025 Changes
- Dual-flow LED headlight.
- M Quick-Action Throttle with 58-degrees of rotation.
- New M Winglets in black textured paint or optional Carbon Fiber.
- Clutch/generator covers in black.
- Rear frame and swingarm in Platinum Grey.
- Compliance with Euro 5+ emission standards.
- Ultimate Care Break-In Service has been added.
2025 Colors
- Standard Light White with M Motorsport graphics.
- Optional White Aluminum Metallic Matte.
- Optional M Competition in Black Storm Metallic with m Motorsport graphics.
BMW Motorrad USA is proud to introduce the updated 2025 BMW M 1000 RR, S 1000 RR, M 1000 R and S 1000 R superbikes and roadsters.
Updated engine internals, revised aerodynamics and new standard electronic assist systems ensure that the 2025 M 1000 RR continues to lead from the front amongst homologated superbikes. The S 1000 RR gains revised aero and added ride modes while the S 1000 R gains horsepower, revised gearing, and improved shift assistant. The M 1000 R is updated with new M Winglets which provide increased downforce for improved riding stability. All four models now feature the M Quick-Action Throttle and Euro 5+ emissions compliance.
All 2025 BMW motorcycles also include the Ultimate Care Break-In Service, or “600 Mile Service”, to further provide BMW customers with a truly premium experience. Time and mileage limits apply – maximum 6 months from the in-service date or maximum 750 miles – whichever comes first.
The 2025 BMW M 1000 RR, S 1000 RR, M 1000 R and S 1000 R are planned to arrive in Q2 of 2025 and pricing will be announced closer to this market launch date.
2025 BMW M1000R Totalmotorcycle.com Features and Benefits
Exclusive detail: M Carbon winglets
The M Carbon winglets are part of the M Competition package add an extra portion of exclusivity, while reducing the weight.
Design element: Clutch and generator cover
Minor details for a harmonious aesthetic: The clutch and generator cover is painted in black.
Sporty contrasts: Rear frame and rear wheel swing arm
Emphasizing the sportiness and exclusivity: Rear frame and rear wheel swing arm in Anthracite gray.
Powerful M brake
Makes your overtaking maneuvers accurately controllable: the M brake. Identifiable by excellent performance and the clear-cut, stable resistance point – and visually identifiable by the blue eloxal coating with M logo.
Dynamic power development: M Quick action throttle
The M Quick action throttle allows for excellent control, without the need to change your grip position.
Performance detail: Winglets
The winglets generate strong driving forces for maximum stability when accelerating. With black textured paint as standard on the M R.
Tank with colorful M graphics
Issues a clear signal: The M logo on the tank clearly demonstrates your ambitions.
Characteristic: Dual-flow LED headlight
Aggressive look: Splitface headlight with M logo.
M perfection: winglets
Perfection is in the details. The winglets with black structured paint generate aerodynamic downforce. At 136 mph, they increase the front-wheel load by 24 lbs. Your benefit: maximum riding stability, a lower tendency for the front wheel to lift off the road surface as well as the possibility to brake later and accelerate earlier when cornering. If you prefer more exclusive equipment, you can select the M winglets in Carbon from the optional M Competition package.
M experience: electronics
Fully fledged M experience: the 6.5-inch TFT display welcomes you to the exclusive circle of high-performance riders with M start-up animation. One of four screen variants appears automatically after having started up thanks to the memory function. The Race Pro modes are optimized for riding at the limit on the racetrack.
M dominance: engine
Superbike engine perfected for a hyper roadster: the four-cylinder engine from the RR with BMW ShiftCam technology catapults you from 0 to 60 mph in 3.2 seconds. With a maximum engine speed of 14,600 rpm, the M R is clearly our most powerful roadster. From 10,000 rpm, you can consequently feel more torque and acceleration. In terms of gear ratio, the M R has more to offer compared with the RR: 47 instead of 46 teeth in the secondary gear ratio and a shorter gear ratio in 4th, 5th and 6th gears – for performance-oriented riding on country roads. Shift assistant Pro enables fast upshifts and downshifts. The bike’s rich sound originating from the titanium rear silencer impressively emphasizes this.
M riding experience: chassis
Clear feedback and breathtaking target accuracy: the chassis with standard DDC as well as fully adjustable suspension elements, adjustable steering damper and milled handlebar clamp. For the M R, it was modified from the RR setup to match the demands of a dynamic roadster. The ergonomics with a front wheel-oriented sitting position supports you when you are leaning forwards.
M intelligence: assistants
Rather than doping: high levels of performance thanks to high-end assistants. Five accelerator characteristics, linked to the Rain, Road, Dynamic, Race and Race Pro riding modes, deliver optimum response characteristics. DTC helps provide maximum control and riding dynamics depending on the riding mode. and Brake Slide Assist supports you in braking drifts when cornering.
Born in M town
Exclusivity and dominance: Whichever variant you may choose, you will always be choosing an authentic M.
3 year warranty
Ride on, and on, and on.
Get up to 3-years or 36,000 miles warranty on all new motorcycles.
M perfection: winglets
Perfection is in the details. The winglets with black structured paint generate aerodynamic downforce. At 136 mph, they increase the front-wheel load by 24 lbs. Your benefit: maximum riding stability, a lower tendency for the front wheel to lift off the road surface as well as the possibility to brake later and accelerate earlier when cornering. If you prefer more exclusive equipment, you can select the M winglets in Carbon from the optional M Competition package.
M experience: electronics
Fully fledged M experience: the 6.5-inch TFT display welcomes you to the exclusive circle of high-performance riders with M start-up animation. One of four screen variants appears automatically after having started up thanks to the memory function. The Race Pro modes are optimized for riding at the limit on the racetrack.
The M 1000 R M dominance: engine
Superbike engine perfected for a hyper roadster: the four-cylinder engine from the RR with BMW ShiftCam technology catapults you from 0 to 60 mph in 3.2 seconds. With a maximum engine speed of 14,600 rpm, the M R is clearly our most powerful roadster. From 10,000 rpm, you can consequently feel more torque and acceleration. In terms of gear ratio, the M R has more to offer compared with the RR: 47 instead of 46 teeth in the secondary gear ratio and a shorter gear ratio in 4th, 5th and 6th gears – for performance-oriented riding on country roads. Shift assistant Pro enables fast upshifts and downshifts. The bike’s rich sound originating from the titanium rear silencer impressively emphasizes this.
M riding experience: chassis
Clear feedback and breathtaking target accuracy: the chassis with standard DDC as well as fully adjustable suspension elements, adjustable steering damper and milled handlebar clamp. For the M R, it was modified from the RR setup to match the demands of a dynamic roadster. The ergonomics with a front wheel-oriented sitting position supports you when you are leaning forwards.
M intelligence: assistants
Rather than doping: high levels of performance thanks to high-end assistants. Five accelerator characteristics, linked to the Rain, Road, Dynamic, Race and Race Pro riding modes, deliver optimum response characteristics. DTC helps provide maximum control and riding dynamics depending on the riding mode. and Brake Slide Assist supports you in braking drifts when cornering.
Titanium rear silencer
The lightweight exhaust system with short, compact titanium rear silencer: for an impressive sound as standard.
M titanium front silencer
Richer sound and more performance: the optional M Titanium front silencer including manifold saves 5.9 lbs in weight.
Rebel amongst hyper roadsters
Born in M town
Exclusivity and dominance: Whichever variant you may choose, you will always be choosing an authentic M.
3 year warranty
Ride on, and on, and on.
Get up to 3-years or 36,000 miles warranty on all new motorcycles.
Find out more
M statement: design
Dominant front, compact rear with frame and rear wheel swing arm in exclusive Platinum Gray: M R at its best. Take your seat on the M seat and reach for the tubular handlebar with lasered “BMW M 1000 R” lettering. Sound on, light on: The dual-flow LED headlight puts a beaming smile on the cheeky Splitface. On your face, too. Because you know: the track belongs to you.
More M: the M Competition package
Exclusive M Carbon parts, M GSP Laptrigger, M passenger package, and a milled M Footrest system show: this bike won’t want to be beaten. M Carbon wheels cut the weight by 3.5 lbs. The optional M Competition package is available in combination with the Blackstorm Metallic/M Motorsport or White Aluminum Metallic Matte color schemes.
M customizing: Optional accessories
More race track, more protection, more design – more you. In addition to the M Competition package, there are also numerous optional equipment products available for your M R, such as the M Cover kit or the M Footrest system, as well as high-quality M Performance Parts, such as the M engine protector.
The new M Winglets increase riding stability and reduce the tendency for the M R to wheelie.
New M winglet Downforce.
Speed | M 1000 R 2025 |
62 mph | 4.9 lbs. |
99 mph | 12.6 lbs. |
137 mph | 23.8 lbs. |
174 mph | 38.4 lbs. |
Colors and Styles
The 2025 BMW M 1000 R is available in three styles.
- Basic in Light White with M Motorsport graphics.
- Basic or M Competition in White Aluminum Metallic Matte.
- M Competition in Black Storm Metallic with m Motorsport graphics.
M 1000 R Standard Equipment
4-Cylinder Inline Engine with 2 Injectors per cylinder, ShiftCam, Sports Silencer, Anti-Hopping Clutch, Chain Drive with M Endurance Chain, Gear Shift Assist Pro, ABS Pro, Dynamic Brake Control, Upside Down Fork with adjustable rebound, compression and preload, Adjustable Steering Stabilizer, DTC, M Winglets, Tire Pressure Monitor, Radial Front Brake Caliper with M Brake, Rear Suspension Strut with adjustable rebound, compression and preload, Dynamic Damping Control, Forged Wheels, Heated Grips, Electronic Immobilizer, LED Tail Light, Headlight and Turn Signals, M Lightweight Battery, USB-C Port, Drop Sensor, Cruise Control, Comfort Turn Indicator, Headlight Pro, Multi-Controller, 6.5″ Colored TFT screen, On-Board Computer, Adjustable M Clutch and M Handbrake Levers, M Rider’s Seat with Rear Seat Cover, Keyless Ride, Riding Modes Pro, Connectivity, Detachable License Plate Holder, Aluminum Fuel Tank, Ready for reverse shift pattern, MSR Dynamic Engine Brake Control, Race ABS, Hill Start Control Pro, Ultimate Care Break-In Service.
M 1000 R Optional Packages and Equipment
M Competition Package
- M Carbon Wheels, M Passenger Seat, M Carbon Winglets, M Footrest System, M GPS Laptrigger, M Carbon Airbox Cover, M Carbon Chain Guard, M Carbon Tank Covers.
2025 BMW M1000R – Totalmotorcycle.com USA Specifications/Technical Details
US MSRP Price: from $ See Dealer USD
Canada MSRP Price: from $25,895 CDN
Europe/UK MSRP Price: from £32,850 GBP (total selling price)
Engine
Rated output
205 hp at 13,000 rpm
Emission control
Closed-loop 3-way catalytic converter
Type
Water/oil-cooled in-line four-cylinder, four-stroke engine with four titanium valves per cylinder and BMW Shiftcam variable intake camshaft control
Capacity
999 cc
Bore x stroke
80 mm x 49.7 mm
Max. torque
83 lb-ft at 11,100 rpm
Compression ratio
13.1 : 1
Mixture control
Electronic intake pipe injection / digital engine management system: BMS-O with throttle-by-wire
Performance / fuel consumption
Maximum speed
174 mph
Fuel type
Premium unleaded (max. 5 % ethanol, E5), 93-98 ROZ/RON
Electrical system
Alternator
Permanent magnet alternator with 450 W (nominal power)
Battery
12 V / 5 Ah
Power transmission
Clutch
Multiplate clutch in oil bath, slipper clutch, self-reinforcing
Gearbox
Constant-mesh 6-speed gearbox integrated in the transmission housing
Drive
Chain 525 17/47
Traction control
BMW Motorrad DTC
Chassis / brakes
Frame
Bridge-type frame, cast aluminum, load-bearing engine
Front wheel location / suspension
Upside-down telescopic fork, diameter 45 mm, electronic self-adjusting DDC Dynamic Damping Control, spring preload, rebound and compression stages adjustable
Rear wheel location / suspension
Aluminum twin-sided swingarm, DDC Dynamic Damping Control (central shock absorber), adjustable spring preload, rebound and compression stages electronically adjustable
Suspension travel, front / rear
4.7″ / 4.6″
Wheelbase
57.28″
Castor
3.84″
Steering head angle
65.8°
Wheels
Aluminum forged wheel
Rim, front
3.50 x 17″
Rim, rear
6.00 x 17″
Tire, front
120/70 ZR17
Tire, rear
200/55 ZR17
Brake, front
Twin disc brake, diameter 300 mm, 4-piston fixed caliper
Brake, rear
Single disc brake, diameter 220 mm, 1-piston floating caliper
ABS
BMW Motorrad ABS Pro
Dimensions / weights
Seat height at unladen weight
32.6″
Inner leg curve at unladen weight
72.2″
Usable tank volume
4.3 gal
Reserve
approx. 1 gal
Length
82.1″
Height
46.3″ (above mirror, at unladen weight)
Width
39.2″ (above mirror)
Unladen weight, road ready, fully fueled
438.7 lbs
1)
Permitted total weight
897 lbs
Payload (with standard equipment)
462 lbs
1) With all operating fluids, with standard equipment and refueled with min. 90% of the usable fuel tank capacity.
Equipment
Standard equipment
- Headlight Pro
- M Quick action throttle
- Shift assistant Pro
- Adjustable handlebar position
- BMW Motorrad ABS Pro
- Riding modes Pro (Rain, Road, Dynamic, Race, Race Pro 1–3, Pit Lane Limiter, Launch Control, Dynamic Traction Control (DTC) +/- Shift, Wheelie Control, Slide Control, Dynamic Brake Control (DBC), shift assistant Pro, Automatic Hill Start Control (HSC) Pro)
- TFT display with M start-up animation
- Dynamic Damping Control (DDC)
- M Winglets
- M battery
- M Forged wheels
- M titanium rear silencer
- M Brake
- M Seat
- M brake and clutch lever
- Handlebar end mirrors
- Keyless Ride
- Tire pressure monitor (TPM)
- Heated grips
- Cruise control
- Passenger seat cover
Optional equipment
- M Competition package with M Carbon wheels, M rider footrests, M Carbon wind deflector, M Carbon winglets, M GPS-Laptrigger activation code, Carbon parts (covers for front and rear wheel as well as pinion, chain guard, side and tank trims on the left/right, airbox cover), Passenger package
- Passenger package (passenger seat, passenger seat cover and milled rear footrests)
- M titanium front silencer/manifold
- Anti-theft alarm
Optional accessories
- M Carbon winglets
- M Cover kit
- M engine protector
- M chain tensioner with assembly stand mounting
- Rear assembly stand
- M motorcycle mat 98″ x 41″
- M Sport seat low with 31.8” seat height
- M sport seat high with 33.4” seat height
2025 BMW M1000R – Totalmotorcycle.com Canada Specifications/Technical Details
Engine
Rated output
152 kW (205 HP) at 13,750 rpm
Emission control
Closed-loop 3-way catalytic converter
Type
Water/oil-cooled in-line four-cylinder, four-stroke engine with four titanium valves per cylinder and BMW Shiftcam variable intake camshaft control
Capacity
999 cc
Bore x stroke
80 mm x 49.7 mm
Max. torque
83.5 lbs-ft at 11,100 rpm
Compression ratio
13.1 : 1
Mixture control
Electronic intake pipe injection / digital engine management system: BMS-O with throttle-by-wire
Exhaust emission standards
EU 5+
Performance / fuel consumption
Maximum speed
280 km/h
Fuel consumption per 100 km based on WMTC
6.4 l
CO2 emission based on WMTC
149 g/km
Fuel type
Premium unleaded (max. 5 % ethanol, E5), 93-98 ROZ/RON
Electrical system
Alternator
Permanent magnet alternator with 450 W (nominal power)
Battery
12 V / 5 Ah, maintenance-free
Power transmission
Clutch
Multiplate clutch in oil bath, anti-hopping clutch, with self-reinforcement
Gearbox
Claw-shifted 6-speed gearbox integrated in the transmission housing
Drive
Chain 525 17/47
Traction control
BMW Motorrad DTC
Chassis / brakes
Frame
Bridge-type frame, cast aluminium, co-supporting engine
Front wheel location / suspension
Upside-down telescopic fork, diameter 45 mm, electronic self-adjusting DDC Dynamic Damping Control, spring preload, rebound and compression stages adjustable
Rear wheel location / suspension
Aluminum twin-sided swingarm, DDC Dynamic Damping Control (central shock absorber), adjustable spring preload, rebound and compression stages electronically adjustable
Suspension travel, front / rear
120 mm / 117 mm
Wheelbase
1,455 mm
Castor
97.6 mm
Steering head angle
65.8°
Wheels
Aluminium forged wheel
Rim, front
3.50 x 17″
Rim, rear
6.00 x 17″
Tire, front
120/70 ZR17
Tire, rear
200/55 ZR17
Brake, front
Twin disc brake, diameter 300 mm, 4-piston fixed caliper
Brake, rear
Single disc brake, diameter 220 mm, 1-piston floating caliper
ABS
BMW Motorrad ABS Pro
Dimensions / weights
Seat height at unladen weight
32.6″
Inner leg curve at unladen weight
72.2
Usable tank volume
16.5 l
Reserve
approx. 4 l
Length
2,085 mm
Height
1,176 mm (above mirror, at DIN unladen weight)
Width
996 mm (above mirror)
Unladen weight, road ready, fully fuelled
199 kg
1)
Permitted total weight
407 kg
Payload (with standard equipment)
210 kg
1) According to Guideline (EU) 168/2013 with all operating fluids, with standard equipment and refuelled with min. 90% of the usable fuel tank capacity.
2025 BMW M1000R – Totalmotorcycle.com European Specifications/Technical Details
Engine
Rated output
160 kW (218 hp) at 14,500 rpm
Emission control
Closed-loop 3-way catalytic converter
Type
Two-cylinder, air/liquid-cooled, four-stroke boxer engine with two overhead spur-gear driven camshafts, one counterbalance shaft and BMW ShiftCam variable intake camshaft control
Bore x stroke
80 mm x 49.7 mm
Capacity
999 cc
Max. torque
113 Nm at 11,100 rpm
Mixture control
Electronic injection, variable intake pibe
Exhaust emission standards
EU 5+
Compression ratio
14.5 : 1
Performance / fuel consumption
Maximum speed
314 km/h
Fuel consumption per 100 km based on WMTC
6.5 l
CO2 emission based on WMTC
151 g/km
Fuel type
Premium unleaded (max. 5 % ethanol, E5), 95-98 ROZ/RON (max. rated output with ROZ 98)
Electrical system
Alternator
450 W
Battery
M Lightweight Battery, 12 V / 5 Ah, Lithium-ion
Power transmission
Clutch
Multiplate clutch in oil bath, anti-hopping clutch
Gearbox
Claw-shifted 6-speed gearbox with straight cut gears
Drive
Chain 525 17/46
Traction control
BMW Motorrad DTC
Chassis / brakes
Frame
Bridge-type frame, cast aluminium, co-supporting engine
Front wheel location / suspension
Upside-down telescopic fork, diameter 45 mm, spring preload, rebound and compression stages adjustable
Rear wheel location / suspension
Aluminium swing arm, full floater pro, compression and rebound damping adjustable, adjustable spring preload
Suspension travel, front / rear
120 mm / 118 mm
Wheelbase
1,458 mm
Castor
100.8 mm
Steering head angle
66.3°
Wheels
M Carbon wheels
Rim, front
3.50 x 17″
Rim, rear
6.00 x 17″
Tyre, front
120/70 ZR17
Tyre, rear
200/55 ZR17
Brake, front
M Twin disc brake, diameter 320 mm, 4-piston fixed caliper
Brake, rear
M Single disc brake, diameter 220 mm, 2-piston fixed caliper
ABS
BMW Motorrad Race ABS (partial integral)
ABS Pro
ABS Pro (settings for Rain, Road, Dynamic mode, no ABS Pro in Race and Race Pro mode 1-3)
Dimensions / weights
Seat height at unladen weight
865 mm
Inner leg curve at unladen weight
1,924 mm
Usable tank volume
16.5 l
Reserve
approx. 4 l
Length
2,085 mm
Height
1,228 mm (without mirror, at DIN unladen weight)
Width
899 mm (above mirror)
Dry weight
183 kg
Unladen weight, road ready, fully fuelled
194 kg
1)
Permitted total weight
407 kg
Payload (with standard equipment)
213 kg
1) According to Guideline (EU) 168/2013 with all operating fluids, with standard equipment and refuelled with min. 90% of the usable fuel tank capacity.
Equipment
Standard equipment
- M Quick action throttle
- Steering angle sensor complete with Slip-Slide Control and Brake Slide Assist
- M Lightweight battery
- M Carbon wheels
- M Titan exhaust system
- M Brake
- M Winglets 3.0 (+33% downforce)
- BMW Motorrad ABS and ABS Pro
- Pro riding modes (Rain, Road, Dynamic, Race, Race Pro 1–3, Pit Lane Limiter, Launch Control, Dynamic Traction Control (DTC) +/- Shift, Wheelie Control, Slide Control, Dynamic Brake Control (DBC), shift assistant Pro)
- Automatic hill start support (HSC) Pro
- TFT display
- LED headlight, rear light and indicator lamps
- Heated grips
- Cruise control
- M chassis kit with tail rise kit and swinging arm pivot
Optional equipment
- M Competition package with M Billet pack (M brake and clutch lever, M rider footrest, M brake lever guard), M Carbon package (covers made of visible carbon for front and rear wheels as well as pinions, chain guard, side and tank trims left/right, passenger package incl. Carbon passenger seat cover), anodised rear wheel swinging arm, M Endurance chain, M GPS lap trigger activation code, black tank, tinted windscreen
- Passenger package (passenger seat, passenger seat cover, and passenger footrests)
- Start numbers and sponsor sticker kit
- Anti-theft alarm
Optional accessories
- M handbrake lever protector
- M clutch lever protector
- Folding M handbrake lever and clutch lever
- M Cover kit
- M Carbon tail-hump cover
- M chain tensioner with assembly stand mounting
- Rear assembly stand
- M motorcycle mat 250×150 cm
Manufacturer Specifications and appearance are subject to change without prior notice on Total Motorcycle (TMW).